Й

1. [open question]

   • на ци йа? — what now?
   • коцци рулши йа? — where did she use to work?
   • ци диг йа ьеж? — what meat is this?

Pronounced ей/е/а after consonants, otherwise йа/йе/й.

1. either  + xor

1. come on

1. or  + and, too

From йа "either" + ра "too".

1. miserable  + pathetic, pitiful

1. to pity  + sorry, sad

1. [rhetorical question]

   • кон регур йел — [i wonder] where did she go

Pronounced йел/йал after vowels, ал/ел otherwise.

1. new  + novel, fresh

ненги

1. turn  + queue, attempt, try, sequence

   • йергал — in turns

1. to go over  + traverse, iterate

   • йерга вичил суккелцци баьихур — get over everyone to inform about it

1. flu

вяръне, ьинчьукьле, гирипп

1. estate  + shelter

1. verst  + mile

1. captive  + hostage

   • йесир уцил де ьел — he was taken prisoner

1. orphan

1. across  + over, through

беттаҡ

1. to cross  + go, traverse

1. iodine

1. power  + might, authority

1. quilt

From Kumyk ювургъан.

йурған, мирғон, бирғон

1. comrade  + friend

1. skirt  + dress

1. amber

1. no way

   • йух абиранда — no way i will do this

1. horse

1. gunpowder

дару

1. sour milk  + clabber, yogurt

1. specific  + concrete

1. to determine  + specify, learn, detect

1. ruby  + jewel

1. bereaved  + lone

1. root

йямппе

1. general  + commander

1. january  + month

1. skinny  + gaunt

1. weapon

1. esteem  + respect

1. weak

пяп

1. compound feed

1. tyrant  + opressor, invader

1. lament  + sorrow, sad

1. unemployed  + jobless, idle

1. everyday life  + welfare, daily

1. box  + storage

1. base  + source, radix

жяъ

1. conscience

1. unscrupulous  + unprincipled

1. to refrain  + stand, bear

1. decent  + fair, respectable

1. impudent  + insolent, brazen