Locative cases §

1 Place §

The main suffix for marking location is ++-цци++:

• ++тукенцци чибажив++
  --saw it in the shop--
• ++машинцци ри++
  --she's in the car--
• ++шаьарцци вегур++
  --he left to the city--
• ++шилцци цябун++
  --they came to the village--

Some words use a number of different suffixes instead of ++-цци++. Such words need to be remembered as exceptions:

1. ++-(а)н++ (often for hollow objects):

   • ++дуццан++
     --in the forest--
   • ++шуҡҡан++
     --in the hole--
   • ++яшаккан++
     --in the pot--
   • ++ьяшан++
     --to the WC--

2. ++-ни++ (very rare):

   • ++ьяжни++
     --to the hajj--
   • ++ҡҡушни++
     --in the hut--
   • ++пични++
     --into the stove--

3. Most of the village names already function as locative forms:

   • ++Тураға вярун++
     --went to Turaga--
   • ++Сурье ужив++
     --stayed at Surgiya--
   • ++Шилаьи би++
     --they're in Shilyagi--

4. Some objects use dative instead :

   • ++еркьи++
     --to the river--
   • ++ҳуней++
     --at the road--
   • ++ҡалжей++
     --into the roof--

5. A few completely irregular cases:

   • ++ҡил++ ⬅️ ++ҡале++
     --at home--
   • ++ячели++ ⬅️ ++яче++
     --at work--

1.1 Place of action §

Using ++-цци++ with the verb aorist denotes where the action was done:

• ++киживцци++
  --where he sat--
• ++чираживцци++
  --where she was seen--
• ++кабичивцци++
  --where it fell--

And using it with the verb obligative gives location of ongoing action:

• ++ваҳанцци++
  --where he's walking --
• ++чириганцци++
  --where she's being seen--
• ++биранцци++
  --where it's being done--

Also there's special word ++билцци++ (from the copula ++би++ ) that refers to a specific object's location:

• ++вя ила рицци рилцци++
  --go where your sister is--
• ++машин билцци ужив++
  --he stayed where the car was--

1.2 Action recipent §

An important function of the locative ++-цци++ is marking the direct recipent of certain verbs:

• ++ицци биивда++
  --I told you--
• ++аттацци бекка++
  --give it to your father--
• ++ҳулумцци хабар ьурсанда++
  --I'll ask my wife about it--

It is also used for denoting immediate possesion:

• ++ҡағар аттацци це++
  --the paper is with father--
• ++ҡҡампит уршицци би++
  --the boy has the candy--
• ++дуцци арц дел де++
  --I still had money with me--

2 Secondary cases §

There are a few additional special locative cases.

2.1 "At" §

The dative case ++-й++/++-и++/++-жи++ denotes location at the surface:

• ++пичи++
  --on the stove--
• ++усттулжи++
  --at the table--
• ++ккарвати++
  --on the bed--

It can be replaced with the postposition ++че++ "above" and the genitive case:

• ++ккарватла че++
  --on the bed--

And, once again, remember that some words only allow the dative case and not the main locative ++-цци++:

• ++ҳуней++
  --on the road-
• ++ччемей++
  --on the bridge-
• ++баъи++
  --at the edge--

2.2 "By" §

The case ++-са++ means "by", "close to":

• ++ккалкканса би++
  --it's nearby the tree--
• ++уццуса кадиҳа++
  --put these by the door--

It can be replaced with the postposition ++мяҡье++ "nearby" and the genitive case:

• ++усттулла мяҡье++
  --nearby the table--

However, there are usecases where the usage of ++-са++ is needed:

1. Visiting someone:

   • ++убаса ружив++
     --she stayed with her mother--
   • ++аттаса вярун++
     --he went to his father--

2. Expressing feelings:

   • ++иса уруццле да++
     --I shy in front of you-
   • ++бицьаса урух аичьид++
     --I dont fear wolves --

2.3 "Under" §

The case ++-гу++ means "under":

• ++баригу макирцатте++
  --dont stand under the sun--
• ++маркангу вичив++
  --he got under the rain--

Most of the times it can be replaced with the postposition ++гуни++ "below" while the object takes genitive case :

• ++усттулла гуни++
  --under the table--

{3} Ablative case §

There are two ways to express motion from.

The particle ++тта++ can be used after any locative case:

• ++ҡил тта++ --from home--
• ++еркьи тта++ --from the river--
• ++ҳуней тта++ --from the river--
• ++дуццан тта++ --from the forest--
• ++маркангу тта++ --from under the rain--

And even with the postpositions:

• ++пилча гуни тта++ --from below the stove--
• ++машинла мяҡье тта++ --from nearby the car--

Alternatively, this can be